Indus-Helmand Civilization
The Dawn of our History
Seddiq Rahpoe Tarzi
As far as it is clear, from the early childhood, particularly when we found the ability to put hear on the lectures of of the history teachers and listen to them, like a tradition of Call of Prayer they sang down to us that our history had began by the time of Aryans.
Later, before and after World War II, with the political climate polluted in our country with the presence of thoughts and ideology of Superior Race of Aryan people, another opportunity for scientific and objective look at the past gone with wind. Next, slowly it turned to an unlawful issue, and Taboo and forbidden issue.
Until now, despite many of emerging the truth and facts in this regard, some of us - including intellectuals - sticked to. Some of them surfing on wind of racial supremacy in land of beautiful mosaic of ethnic groups yet.
On this regard, it should be paid attention to this issue to clear right from the wrong.
I believe, if you review the past and bound in the context of our current political geography of the land we'll look just to the past century and and it is not possible to explore far distance.
It is all clear that England and Russia at the end of 19th century had been changed as such global superpower that in the first one the sun was not going down ever and the second realm was so widespread that Sun raising for its east border in Asia and coming down to the sun set of Europe land.
These two imperial countries, spelled the final word on the fate of others and even pulling the wall at their homes up and down. These two supper power made decision to cut the widespread ethnic rug which had been woven by event-filled history of ups and downs here, in the frame of their imperial schema and model. Thus they made a land like as rugged and patch up quilt of a Dervish- from view points of ethnic groups- and put as a mantel on the shoulder of her leader here. Thus they made true the dreams of an Amir who wanted to have a wall around his house.
Thus, the country was created from the perspective of political boundaries as a land of ethnic minorities.
So, I believe, that this could be to see our far distance and past, first of all, not be captive to these political boundaries, because it was reduce the spread in the different times and the second should be more cultural presence is remarkable, because this phenomenon does not recognize the current borders and spreading so far.
As it is clear that civilization and urbanization had been shaped by the banks of rivers for they provide the basic of life. Egyptian civilization is not unreasonable to read Neil gift, civilization of China emerged in the bank of Yellow river and Sumer between two rivers of the Tigris and the Euphrates, which we call it the civilizations between the two rivers or Mesopotamia, as it is known.
In our case, we should speak of land between three rivers about. In one corner of these three lines, Sind, Absyeen or Indus other Amo, Jahihun or Oxus and third Seer, Jaxartes or Sayhun is located. Of course, as it is clear, the presence of cultural achievement can not be confined to two sides of these rivers. The speed running horse of culture, can swim these waters and the sound of its neighing be heard over wide distance.
If we simply sit review on this framework, before it going under the quadruped of Aryan people who were nomadic and aggressive, we are eyewitness that a brilliant civilization has existed among these rivers.
Others look at us with full knowledge
Our out look on the history until two centuries ago, from the opening and victory of our homeland by Arabs, was not going far back. Our history was starting with from Adam the myth which did not have any place in our own mythological framework.
Those species that have a public awareness on land and areas of our civilization based on the review and exploration of European scholars, is based. These findings have touched on the half of 19th century and were available.
They with the deep look, knowledge and search in all corners and angles, sometimes in line to explore and study, here found their way in the past to understand the world background. Thus this ares came under their study and examination too.
This section of land very long ago was considered as the Gate of India. India was circled by ocean's water or mountains stretched over high Himalaya the highest point of the world. Considering this situation, this strip of land was the only passage to. So the North West region of India was a cross road to Central Asia and Iran and far away.
Professor Asko Parpola, who in reading and reviewing of this particular civilization has deep knowledge, and on surviving works of Indus inscriptions is an expert believes, “Unity and convergence on both sides of the mountains Hindu Kosh opened the way for extensive cultural exchange on both sides.”
We had seen in many old works a lot of signs about. In the old and ancient Persian language word of Hindus in Sanskrit word of Sindhu as river has applied as general and specific names. Then this word entered ancient Greek language and became the Indi.
In Rg Veda we can find different species of these hills, and hill ridges or Arma. It mentioned, “Scattered foreign residents who have went to other lands.”
According to Strabo the famous Greek historian, when Alexander the great had sent Ariustoboulos for more discovery in 326 BC., he noticed of, “The land where more than ten thousand cities had existed. When the river of Indus has changed its course, it has become the ruins.”
After two thousand years
It seems that hibernate here fallen over here continued for more than two thousand years. Thus everything covered under the tent of oblivion.
I was touched at the beginning of the 19th century when Englishmen with research vision, set foot on the travel and came to this place. They wrote several travel memories with the most detailed account yet written. Among these, A. Burnes, a young Scotch officer has a special place. During his stay in Lahore, he made a journey to the city of Harappa which laid in the dry bed of Ravi (a tributary of Indus river) was called.
However, it is necessary to note that out look with knowledge and science began over by Sir William Jones who laid down the foundation stone of Asian Association in 1784. After his return from review, he recommend the study of Indian ancient literature, especially Sanskrit language. His effort to this line concentrated on comparison of Indo-European language.
But, it was James Prinsep (1709-1840) who was the president of coins printer in Calcutta, tried to review the coins of India and Greece. His reading and decoding the language of classical texts in the decrees of Ashoka the Great, opened the way very successfully.
General Alexander Cunningham (1814-93) young assistant of Prinsep taken his way toward the review of ancient ruins opened the gate of study. He after retirement, put all his effort to this work. At the end of the day he became president of Archaeology of India's Office.
He, after 1853 explored the Harappa very comprehensively. In 1875 he wrote his review. In this, along of map, he explains about a stamp with signs of a new inscription. This kind of lines and writings which was discovered had not similarities before. Document that he achieved was amazing for him. He was thinking on the line of noted Chinese pilgrims travel memories, especially Hsüang Tsang of seventh century about the Buddhist Temple in this part. He thought that the documents belonged to the city which was mentioned.
Next, Sir John Marshall, encouraged Dai Ram Sahani, Indian archaeologists, to search on Harappa deeply. He in an article in 1924 which was published in the journal "Illustrated London News" unveiled a civilization which long had been forgotten.
This, surprisingly moving the world of archeology. These finding put two major effects on the vision of scientists:
-First on the historical timeline, completely a new civilization has been discovered.
-Second, it showed that this civilization has existed before the invasion of so called Aryan and composing of Veda and its sister Avesta religion hymn.
This document in the course of reviews showed that civilization which was discovered, belonged to very far distant past between three thousand and six hundred to one thousand nine hundred BC, while the oldest document of the hymns of Veda and even its younger sister, Avesta, were not belonged more than seven hundred to one thousand five hundred BC.
This is worth to be noted that indigenous civilization of Indus in the document of Sumerian had been recorded as Meh-luh-ha. According to, Parpola who in the way of decoding the written inscription of Indus civilization and has done detailed exploration, found this term in Dravidian language in the form of Met-acam which means" land of the high Mountain”. He still believes that the Sanskrit word Melcaca which meaning strangers, wild, lowbrow and non-Aryan indicate the residents of Indus.
This Outlook
Since this article is about civilization of Indus valley and opens the door for the next review, I will quotes some of its important parts.
Marshall, writes about as:
“Not often has it been given to archeologists, as it was given to Schliemann at Tiryns and Mycenae, or Stein in the deserts of Turkestan, to light upon the remains of a long -forgotten civilization. It looks, however, at this moment, as if we were on the threshold of such a discovery in the plains of Indus.
“Up to present our knowledge of Indian antiquities carried out back hardly further than the third century BC. Of the long ages before the coming of the Greeks and the rise of Maurya dynasty, of the birth and growth of of civilization in the great river basin , of the cultural developments of races who once after another poured into peninsula from the north and west - of these and other problems relating to that dim and remote past, archeology has given to us but the faintest glimmerings, for almost the only remains of those early times that have come down to us have been rough implements of the Stone and Copper Ages, groups of the prehistoric graves in the south of peninsula, and some rude cyclopean walls at Rajagriha in Bihar. On the other hand, from the third century BC onward, we have, on the whole, a fairly clear idea of man's hand work in general: of his religious and domestic architecture, of his formative arts, of his weapons and utensils, of his personal ornaments and his jewelry, of his coins and germs, and the scripts which he used in his writing. And whenever it happens that new antiquities come to light- no matter to what race or religion they may belong- it is invariably possible to assign them with confidence and within relatively narrow limits to their respective age or class.
“ Now, however, there has unexpectedly been unearthed, in the south of Panjab and Sind, an entirely new class of objects which have nothing in common with those previously known to us, and which are unaccompanied by any data that might have helped to establish their age and origin.
“ The two sites where these somewhat startling remains have been discovered are some 400 miles apart - the one being in Harappa in Montgomery district of Panjab, the other at Mohenjo -daro, in the Larkana district of Sind. At both these places there is a vast expanse of artificial mounds, evidently covering the remains of once flourishing cities, which, to judge from the mass of accumulated debris rising ad high as 60 ft above the level of the plain, must have been in existence for many hundred of years. Such groups of mounds abound in the plains of Indus, just as they do in Mesopotamia and the valley of the Nile, and they are specially conspicuous along the banks of the old, dried-up beds of main stream and its tributaries, not only in Sind, but in Bahawalpur State and in Panjab.”
He after shedding more light about the richness of this part hope for new discoveries in the future.
He with a strong strange look noted as:
“At Mohenjo-daro, the main street of the old city can still be discerned as a broad highway running from the south bank of the river towards the south-east, with houses fringing it on either side. What is surmised by the discoverer, Mr. Banerji, to have been the royal palace, stood at the point where this road emerged on to the quays of the riverside. Opposite to it, in the now dry bed of river, are several islands from which rose the principle shrines of the city, the highest and, no doubt, the chief of them all, being a massive Buddhist stupa raised on the high above oblong platform, and surrounded by subsidiary shrines and monastic quarters.”
He then consider the deeper part of this area very valuable and says:
“Deep down below the Buddhist monuments described above, or at the other parts of the sites appearing close to the surface itself, there are at least two other strata of building belong to mush earlier epochs, and containing a variety of brick structures...Among these older structures one group is especially worthy of mention. Besides various halls and passages and chambers, it includes a massive structure -apparently a shrine- with walls seven or eight ft thick, pierced by several conduits which, in the opinion of excavator, served for carrying off lustral water when the shrine or image within it was washed. In other part if same group is what appears to be an alter built of small glazed bricks, and provided with a drain of similar brickwork.”
He during his talk about the age and levels says:
“At Harappa Mr. Daya Ram Sahani's excavations disclosed as many as seven or eight successive levels, demonstrating the long and continuing occupation of site during many hundred of years prior to the third century BC, and throughout most, if not all, of this long period, burnt brick of good quality was used for building purposes.”
He then describe about Stone Seals as:
“Of all these antiquities the most valuable are the stone seals, not only because they are inscribed with legends in an unknown pictographic scripts, but because the figures engraved on them, and the style of the engraving, are different from anything of the kind hitherto met with in Indian art.”
As he mentioned,
“ The animals engraved on them are in some instance bulls, in other unicorn, but it is to be observed that neither the Indian humped bull nor the water-buffalo occurs among them.”
On the matter of scripts in this civilization he noted down as:
“As to the strange pictographs which do duty for letters, three points are worth to remarks: First, that the marks (apparently vowel signs) attached to many of the pictograph indicate a relatively high stage of envelopment, secondly, that some of inscriptions from Mohenjo-daro betray a later stage in the evolution of this script than those from Harappa,thirdly, that they bear no resemblance whatever to nay ancient Indian alphabet known to us, but, on the other hand, they do bear a certain general affinity to pictograph of the Mycenaean age in Mediterranean area, though it is not possible to point any of the symbols as being actually identical.”
Marshall knew very well that people are very eager to know about the age and people of Indus civilization. He remarks about as:
“To what age and to what people do these novel antiquities belongs? Those are two questions which all naturally occur to reader, and to which score of different answers may perhaps suggest themselves. As to the first question, all that can be said at the present is that the period during which this culture flourished in the the Indus valley must have extended over many centuries, and that it came to a end before the rise of the Maurya power in the third century BC...the pictographic writing is totally distinct from the early Brahmi script which Emperor Asoka employed throughout the greater part of India, or from the Kharoshthi script which he used in his inscription on the north-wet Frontier.”
“ As to the second question, it is possible, though unlikely, that this civilization of the Indus valley was intrusive civilization emanating from further west. Painted pottery and other objects somewhat analogous to those from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa have been found in Baluchistan, and there are linguistic reasons for believing that it was by way of Baluchistan that the Dravidian races (thought by some writers to have been originally connected with Mediterranean) entered india. Mr. Benerji himself is inclined to connect this culture to the Indus valley directly with the Aegean culture of the Eastern Mediterranean , and holds that distinct affinities are traceable between Minoan (Its relating to, or denoting a Bronze Age civilization centered on Crete c. 3000 –1050 BC, its people, or its language. Tarzi) antiquities of the Crete and those unearthed by him in Mohenjo-daro-especially in regard to the painted ceramic wares and pictographic inscriptions. But the resemblance referred at are, at the best, problematical, and, in case too slight the intangible to warrant any reference being drawn as to a cultural connection between the two areas.
“What seems prima facie more probable is this forgotten civilization, which the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have now given us first glimpse, was developed in in the Indus valley itself. And just as distinctive of that region and the civilization of Pharaohs was distinctive of Nile. In the marvelous forward progress which mankind made during the Neolithic, Cooper and Bronze Ages, the great rivers tracts of the then inhabited parts of world played a most important part, for it was, in these tracts that the condition were found most favorable from supporting a dense and settled population-namely, fertility of soil, an unfailing water supply, and easy communications, and it was of course, among such large and settled populations that civilization had the best chance of making progress. The debt which, in the early stages of its development, the human race owed to Nile, to the Danube, to the Tigris, and to the Euphrates, is already well known. But how much owed to the Indus and Ganges has yet to be determined. In the case of the Indus, It is probably true that successive migration from outside had useful effect, as they did in Mesopotamia and Egypt, in promoting the development of indigenous culture, but there is no reason to assume that the culture of this region was imported from other lands, or that its character was profoundly modified by ousted influences.”
Published by S. H. Mrashall as, “First light on long-forgotten civilization” of Illustrated London News, 20 September 1924. Pp. 524 to 32 and 548.
I have taken it from "Aryan Debate " edited by Thomas R. Trautmann”. Pp.15- 21.Oxford University Press, new Delhi, second impression 2006.
New Documents
The ink of Sir John Hubert Marshall article in IL was not dry yet, then just two weeks later, article of J.G. Gadd and Sidney Smith on the link between Babylonian and Indian civilizations, was published in the same journal. According to their arguments, these signs in the seals of Indus valley, has close link with civilization of Sumerians surely. Their arguments based on the foundation of new findings. They showed the close relationship between the people of Indus civilization and Sumer between 3000 to 2800 BC. As these facts show, such a relationship has existed before the invasion Aryan Tribes in 1500 BC.
Non-native or native?
The discovery of this civilization, brought up controversial discussions among scholars and scientists. At the end of the day they had reached this conclusion that Indus civilization first of all is a native one and Second, the next one which we call it Vedic Brahmanism is the continuation of the same civilization, and not had been entered from the outside.
According to A. Lich, the world of knowledge shocked strongly in this sector. It's therefore assume that the former Daisies (Native people) who were called in Rg Veda as savages and without culture, suddenly had been entirely changed to makers of a glorious civilization. We can see this point in other sectors of Rg Veda very clearly.
Different Growth stages of this civilization
Results from past research till recent times display the clear fact that this civilization covered a range of one million square kilometers. This extends form Shortugai (According to archeologist its one of the Indus valley civilization trading colony. It was established about 2000 B.C. on the Oxus the river near the lapis mines in north. According to belief of Sergent, “Not one of the standard characteristics of the Harappan cultural complex is missing from it” in the north of the bank of Amo river in the old Bakhter, to the South on the bank of Gang river. In the East, river of Kabul, Jelum, Gomel and Sultij and Ravi who all called Panj Ab or Five Rivers. This civilization was irrigated with the water of Himalayan mountains. Cities in the West as Mundigak in Helmand, Shahr e Sukhta or Burnt City in Sistan are within this circle.
However, cultural influence of Indus civilization are not confined in this area. We can find its impact in the Elamite and Sumer, in between the two water, or Mesopotamia.
In this limited space I do not want to go in detail about.
New findings in this section can clearly tell us that civilization Indus-Helmand has passed from the path of slowly growing local culture. The explores showed the fact that on same time external relation from Central Asia to the Middle East widely exists too.
Archaeologists and scientists have believed that this civilization has passed form three periods: First, Middle and End.
Cities in this Civilization
As it the archaeological excavations shows there have been cities in the valley. Recent discovery in this context is the city of Davarkar which is under water. Interesting and surprising is that the foundation of this city had been laid down according to plans and programs. First road stretch, then the sewer was made and then building of the houses was done. In the end, where people began to come in the new houses.
The roads were severely straight and parallel with, and where both were linked, was just ninety degrees. The roads, even compared with modern roads have been wider. Along roads, so careful the gutters have drawn that a drop of water was not displaced or barred. The house were two stories and have made very similarly. Every house had an yard, steps for climbing to the second floor, small bathrooms and water wells. The houses built of baked bricks and amazing that no gate and windows was opening on public roads. Entering the homes through side streets have been done. Roads covered by the baked brick and had resistance for passing heavy carts and horses.
Another interesting point of these homes are their greatness. There is a belief that more than three or four families were living there.
L. Karlovesky is surprised of the presence of social and cultural harmony of this civilization. He thinks that it caused for social structure in which blood relations had been extremely strong. He believes that competition in a class society, opens the way of the presence of different mode of productions, while in the society with balance social relations, as it can be seen here, there was a harmony relating to social relations. This fact guarantees the stability in a community where the central government is not in power or a group of leadership nonexistence.
When compare buildings of this city with civilization of Sumer and Egypt we can find very wonderful thing. In these two civilizations, homes and buildings has been expand around the Temple or house of Gods. This means that the first of all the Temple was built and then, without a plan, the city was extended in the four sides. In the civilizations of Sumer and Egypt homes of ordinary people, with worship places and office clutter are formed in a chaotic condition, while in the Indus civilization the three parts were separated.
Worship in this Civilization
Until now we have obtained altar of fire or stove which belong to Temple of Prayer in public and private. Besides them, the remaining bath and the pieces of animal bones which represent the victims are foreleg, were found. The statues and clay figures of women that may be the figurines of Goddess has been discovered. In large part these seals, we can see the the drawn of Unicorn. The availability of this figure in the Indus civilization, symbolizing the power of authorities. Next to a Unicorn, we can see the signs of self burning as scarifies. There engraved the faces as the other animals: tiger, camel and so and so.
Meanwhile, there is a seal which A. W. A. W. Fairservis called it Anil and Marshall as the previous image of Shiva. It is very important discovery too. The archaeologists have called it king of Animal. This figure, drawn with the right stretched body and with a move as Yoga. He is seated on his knee and his head covered with horned hat. It is surrounded by animals and there are written sings on the top.
The presence of such symbols in the Indus civilization brought a hot debate among archaeologists and other scholars in this case whether the people had worshiped any single entity or multi.
Some scientists believe that even the Temple had two objectives: one for keeping the fire. For at that time the flaming a fire was very difficult and rekindle and keeping it was worst. The second is that the task of keeping fire had been then slowly changed to worship it.
Inscription in civilization
The big problem in the Indus civilization is her writing. As far as we know there are (64) seals which related to this civilization, along with four thousand pieces. On them there are signs of unknown inscription. Despite all efforts for reading it as such as using new technical methods, not yielded yet. When you break this spell, many of the questions that so far have not answered, will be given. Many scientists have until now has not even agree that this line is Syllabic-Sings or Logo-Syllabic one?
New findings especially research work Prof. Asko Parpola at the end shows that this is Logo-Syllabic. Breaking of this puzzle would be possible if it have an example with a known inscription. But Prof. Parpola does not believe that hope and above all their efforts in this direction lost.
Thus the forgotten civilization that Marshall was presented, came out from minds that wanted to forget the past or who tried for consolidation of racial superiority of Aryan race. This fact, kindled the passionate hot debate which continues to the present.
Thus in this respect as Jalaloddin from Balkh says, “Every body form his/her guess, became my friend-but not tried to find my secrets form my inner.”
Languages here
As far as research and surveys in this civilization show, inscriptions has enjoy from an unity form. However, this does not mean that all people were speaking in one language for chatting. This rule out that the other can also be seen. However, the fundamental question is that this language belongs to which language family ?
From the beginning, Marshall had linked the issue with the language Dravidian. The reason that this language has close connection with Brahui language which now more than 2m people speaking in part of Afghanistan and Baluchestan too. Language property of Brahui is that this language group does not belong to Indian-European one and its other branches such as: Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindi, ancient, middle and new Persian, Avesta, Kurdish, Belluchi, Urrmory , Pashtu, Kaferi, Pamir different language and so.
However, some scholars believe that language Brahui is under such impact of Baluch language that it make problem for accepting this theory easily. However the reviews and profound research of Prof. Parpola who has done it with care and precision which is unparalleled is considerable. He writes about it as,”It seems likely that this language is branch of the Dravidian one...”
Some of linguists, among them Dr. Tareq Rahman forwarding the hypotheses of transfer and entry to it According to this view, first language or earlier one, transfer or enter on the second or subsequent language, or the incorporation of transition can be seen. To these topics we can find the words of Dravidian language in to Indo-European, who arrived long after. This phonemes is due to transfer and incorporation one.
For shedding more light about bringing one or two examples is sufficient.:
The words of Phalam or Fruit, Mukham or Mouth and Khala or Threshold belong to family language of Dravidian but being used in Rg Veda too. It shows the penetration of Dravidian language to Indo-European one in Rg Veda.
This makes it extremely clear that those who for a long time tried to show that they are the original resident of this land as we have a good saying about “...are going to Turkestan instead of Mecca” or taken a wrong path. The ancient and linguistics documents show that those people lived here long long, who speak a language before Indo-European people coming here. Thus the people of Indo-European language with all its branches, are newcomers to this era.
Knowledge of data shows that people who spoke language of Brahui which is a branch of Dravidian, is the oldest ethnic group of this land.
About the people who are talking in Mongolian -Altai language need a separate research. I use this narrow place to say a few words:
In the second half-century AD people of North East of Asia attacked on Sassanid Empire. These were people who spoke with Altai language and came out form Mongolian land. They ended the domination of Sassanid Empire in high land of Central Asia.
Their language family name is Altai. As you knew Altay mountains are located in Central Asia along the border of Serbia-China. The group can be divided in three major groups Turkish, Mongolian and Makhu-Tonguz. Some of forwards this idea that Korean and Japan languages included in this section too. Willem Vogelsang believes, the first group this aggressors called Younan or Hunan. They entered at half century AD into the North of Afghanistan. Then were placed by Hephtalites.
We must look at ourself to this bright mirror. If it shows our real face, not break it !!
The collapse of civilization
As it is clear, after reaching of civilization to its peak, the way in the collapse began.
This hypothesis is based on two theories: one, which due to natural changes, especially changes of rivers courses.
Second, that the nomads people of Aryan, after the invasion of this land, during the opening and occupation of these cities they were turned them into ruins. Attention to this matter is fixed on the text of Rg Veda. The verse in Rg Veda referring to the numerous ruins and conquering the cites. This is a clear example:
Indra with the help Abhyavartin Cayamana
Root out the Varasikha.
He, in Hariyupiyah made a big blow on vanguard of Vrcivans.
And behind the trench forces, escaped form fear.
Rg Veda (Part VI. Verse 27 section 5.)
Referring to the Hariyupiyah is a referring finger on Harappa.
M.J. Kenoyer, believes that in Harappa so far in any part of it we can not see the signs of such war. But, to look at the many bloody and destructive wars in history, can it be believed that the war is occurring outside the city. If the enemy is defeated, what need for destroying of the city is?
Our Historians and this Civilization
Among our so called historians and chronologist-not history writers- in twentieth century, we can name as: Mr. Ahmed Ali Kohzad, Mir Gholam Mohammad Ghobar, Abdol Haiii Habibi, Mohammad Hasan Kakar and Mohammad Seddiq Farhang.
It ought to say that before that time the from Baihaqi 10th century to Kateb of early 20th century must analyze and explore in the special article.
Their look of them to this period, is full of surprises.
As it noted, Mr. Kohzad in the atmosphere before and after the Second World War which was filled with Arianism, especially racially superior of Aryan Race has wrote his book. The crystallization of this influence can be seen in the poem of Five-some under the title of Afghanistan which have been composed just in year (1942/1321).
In the first part of this poem which the Cultural Foundation of Kohzad named it Kohzad the Great patriotic feeling! (The exclamation mark is me).
We read a roughly its translation in English as:
Oh the country Afghanistan!
Oh the ancient land!
Glorious cradle of Arian
Forever your name be immortal.
Forever your name be immortal.
(underline is mine)
the very interesting point in this poem if it can survive the situation and had been changed as state and national anthem! What would be the result of it in a nation with a lot of ethnic groups, which we call it the beautiful mosaic of different ethnics. In this poem we can find just the name of Aryan which is a mythological one and Afghans which refer to just one ethic group of this multi ethnical land.
He is familiar with Marshall article about the Indus valley civilization and it is important place in our history. But, in his history book called Afghanistan's History marginalized it widely.
He then using the article of Marshall but, without mentioning the source and date, puts the Indus civilization to the East in the framework of Ariana (Afghanistan, pp. 18). Next, it throws an short and general overview just in one page. What have been not mentioned in this one page is our position in this forgotten civilization.
Later, the large sections of the the book devoted to the dragon of Aryan.
Since then, gentlemen, Ghobar and Habibi the reporting the events. They have not write history in the form of historiography. To that date we have not reached to this high stage yet.
Both of them wrote their books at the same time year (1967/1346) in the Kabul. First under the title of Afghanistan in the Course of History and the second Short History of Afghanistan.
Authorities confiscated the book of Ghobar in early stage from the printing house. Thereafter, except for a few versions, until the military coup of Saur or Taurus (1357/1978) was kept faraway from public eyes.
By this act, authorities made a martyr of this one. Thus the halo of sanctity was put over it. I believe that if this book were not confiscated and was put to critical analyzes and review, such a position would not been available to.
Thus, political authoritarian systems, put axes to cut and destroy their own roots . I pressing the idea that this work is a big cry of distress against the great tyranny and great despotism. It is clear that as much as anger is louder and stronger, equally unable to see a more realistic and makes thin from thick.
End part 1